7/26/2023 0 Comments Cactus music aleatoric john cage![]() At the macroscopic level, the sections are designed and controlled by the composer while the single components of sound are controlled by mathematical theories. On the level of detail, Iannis Xenakis used probability theories to define some microscopic aspects of Pithoprakta (1955–56), which is Greek for “actions by means of probability.” This work contains four sections, characterized by textural and timbral attributes, such as glissandi and pizzicati. Because this work is absolutely fixed from performance to performance, Cage regarded it as an entirely determinate work made using chance procedures. In John Cage’s Music of Changes (1951), for example, the composer selected duration, tempo, and dynamics by using the I Ching, an ancient Chinese book which prescribes methods for arriving at random numbers. The I Ching, an ancient Chinese classic text on changing events, became Cage's standard composition tool for the rest of his life. The first group includes scores in which the chance element is involved only in the process of composition, so that every parameter is fixed before their performance. Through his studies of Indian philosophy and Zen Buddhism in the late 1940s, Cage came to the idea of aleatoric or chance-controlled music, which he started composing in 1951. A pioneer of indeterminacy in music, electroacoustic music, and non-standard use of musical instruments, Cage was one of the leading figures of the post-war. The term was devised by the French composer Pierre Boulez to describe works where the performer was given certain liberties with regard to the order and repetition of parts of a musical work. From this point of view, indeterminate or chance music can be divided into three groups: (1) the use of random procedures to produce a determinate, fixed score, (2) mobile form, and (3) indeterminate notation, including graphic notation and texts. Aleatoric Music or Aleatoric Composition is music where some element of the composition is left to chance. ![]() Some writers do not make a distinction between aleatory, chance, and indeterminancy in music, and use the terms interchangeably. ![]()
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